diff --git a/src/appstore.js b/src/appstore.js
index bb9d55132..5b0b648f4 100644
--- a/src/appstore.js
+++ b/src/appstore.js
@@ -7,15 +7,60 @@ exports = module.exports = {
     sendAliveStatus: sendAliveStatus
 };
 
-var AppsError = require('./apps.js').AppsError,
-    assert = require('assert'),
-    CloudronError = require('./cloudron.js').CloudronError,
+var assert = require('assert'),
     config = require('./config.js'),
     debug = require('debug')('box:appstore'),
+    os = require('os'),
     settings = require('./settings.js'),
     superagent = require('superagent'),
     util = require('util');
 
+function AppstoreError(reason, errorOrMessage) {
+    assert.strictEqual(typeof reason, 'string');
+    assert(errorOrMessage instanceof Error || typeof errorOrMessage === 'string' || typeof errorOrMessage === 'undefined');
+
+    Error.call(this);
+    Error.captureStackTrace(this, this.constructor);
+
+    this.name = this.constructor.name;
+    this.reason = reason;
+    if (typeof errorOrMessage === 'undefined') {
+        this.message = reason;
+    } else if (typeof errorOrMessage === 'string') {
+        this.message = errorOrMessage;
+    } else {
+        this.message = 'Internal error';
+        this.nestedError = errorOrMessage;
+    }
+}
+util.inherits(AppstoreError, Error);
+AppstoreError.INTERNAL_ERROR = 'Internal Error';
+AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR = 'External Error';
+AppstoreError.NOT_FOUND = 'Internal Error';
+AppstoreError.BILLING_REQUIRED = 'Billing Required';
+
+var NOOP_CALLBACK = function (error) { if (error) debug(error); };
+
+function getAppstoreConfig(callback) {
+    // Caas Cloudrons do not store appstore credentials in their local database
+    if (config.provider() === 'caas') {
+        var url = config.apiServerOrigin() + '/api/v1/exchangeBoxTokenWithUserToken';
+        superagent.post(url).query({ token: config.token() }).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
+            if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
+            if (result.statusCode !== 201) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('App unpurchase failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
+
+            callback(null, result.body);
+        });
+    } else {
+        settings.getAppstoreConfig(function (error, result) {
+            if (error) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.INTERNAL_ERROR, error));
+            if (!result.token) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.BILLING_REQUIRED));
+
+            callback(null, result);
+        });
+    }
+}
+
 function purchase(appId, appstoreId, callback) {
     assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
     assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreId, 'string');
@@ -23,41 +68,21 @@ function purchase(appId, appstoreId, callback) {
 
     if (appstoreId === '') return callback(null);
 
-    function purchaseWithAppstoreConfig(appstoreConfig) {
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreConfig.userId, 'string');
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreConfig.cloudronId, 'string');
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreConfig.token, 'string');
+    getAppstoreConfig(function (error, appstoreConfig) {
+        if (error) return callback(error);
 
         var url = config.apiServerOrigin() + '/api/v1/users/' + appstoreConfig.userId + '/cloudrons/' + appstoreConfig.cloudronId + '/apps/' + appId;
         var data = { appstoreId: appstoreId };
 
         superagent.post(url).send(data).query({ accessToken: appstoreConfig.token }).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
-            if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-            if (result.statusCode === 404) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.NOT_FOUND));
-            if (result.statusCode === 403 || result.statusCode === 401) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.BILLING_REQUIRED));
-            if (result.statusCode !== 201 && result.statusCode !== 200) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('App purchase failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
+            if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
+            if (result.statusCode === 404) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.NOT_FOUND));
+            if (result.statusCode === 403 || result.statusCode === 401) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.BILLING_REQUIRED));
+            if (result.statusCode !== 201 && result.statusCode !== 200) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('App purchase failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
 
             callback(null);
         });
-    }
-
-    // Caas Cloudrons do not store appstore credentials in their local database
-    if (config.provider() === 'caas') {
-        var url = config.apiServerOrigin() + '/api/v1/exchangeBoxTokenWithUserToken';
-        superagent.post(url).query({ token: config.token() }).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
-            if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-            if (result.statusCode !== 201) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('App purchase failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
-
-            purchaseWithAppstoreConfig(result.body);
-        });
-    } else {
-        settings.getAppstoreConfig(function (error, result) {
-            if (error) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.INTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-            if (!result.token) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.BILLING_REQUIRED));
-
-            purchaseWithAppstoreConfig(result);
-        });
-    }
+    });
 }
 
 function unpurchase(appId, appstoreId, callback) {
@@ -67,85 +92,74 @@ function unpurchase(appId, appstoreId, callback) {
 
     if (appstoreId === '') return callback(null);
 
-    function unpurchaseWithAppstoreConfig(appstoreConfig) {
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreConfig.userId, 'string');
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreConfig.cloudronId, 'string');
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreConfig.token, 'string');
+    getAppstoreConfig(function (error, appstoreConfig) {
+        if (error) return callback(error);
 
         var url = config.apiServerOrigin() + '/api/v1/users/' + appstoreConfig.userId + '/cloudrons/' + appstoreConfig.cloudronId + '/apps/' + appId;
 
         superagent.get(url).query({ accessToken: appstoreConfig.token }).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
-            if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-            if (result.statusCode === 403 || result.statusCode === 401) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.BILLING_REQUIRED));
+            if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
+            if (result.statusCode === 403 || result.statusCode === 401) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.BILLING_REQUIRED));
             if (result.statusCode === 404) return callback(null);   // was never purchased
-            if (result.statusCode !== 201 && result.statusCode !== 200) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('App purchase failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
+            if (result.statusCode !== 201 && result.statusCode !== 200) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('App purchase failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
 
             superagent.del(url).query({ accessToken: appstoreConfig.token }).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
-                if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-                if (result.statusCode === 403 || result.statusCode === 401) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.BILLING_REQUIRED));
-                if (result.statusCode !== 204) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('App unpurchase failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
+                if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
+                if (result.statusCode === 403 || result.statusCode === 401) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.BILLING_REQUIRED));
+                if (result.statusCode !== 204) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('App unpurchase failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
 
                 callback(null);
             });
         });
-    }
-
-    // Caas Cloudrons do not store appstore credentials in their local database
-    if (config.provider() === 'caas') {
-        var url = config.apiServerOrigin() + '/api/v1/exchangeBoxTokenWithUserToken';
-        superagent.post(url).query({ token: config.token() }).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
-            if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-            if (result.statusCode !== 201) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('App unpurchase failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
-
-            unpurchaseWithAppstoreConfig(result.body);
-        });
-    } else {
-        settings.getAppstoreConfig(function (error, result) {
-            if (error) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.INTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-            if (!result.token) return callback(new AppsError(AppsError.BILLING_REQUIRED));
-
-            unpurchaseWithAppstoreConfig(result);
-        });
-    }
+    });
 }
 
 function sendAliveStatus(data, callback) {
+    callback = callback || NOOP_CALLBACK;
 
-    function sendAliveStatusWithAppstoreConfig(data, appstoreConfig) {
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof data, 'object');
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreConfig.userId, 'string');
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreConfig.cloudronId, 'string');
-        assert.strictEqual(typeof appstoreConfig.token, 'string');
+    settings.getAll(function (error, result) {
+        if (error) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.INTERNAL_ERROR, error));
 
-        var url = config.apiServerOrigin() + '/api/v1/users/' + appstoreConfig.userId + '/cloudrons/' + appstoreConfig.cloudronId + '/alive';
-        superagent.post(url).send(data).query({ accessToken: appstoreConfig.token }).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
-            if (error && !error.response) return callback(new CloudronError(CloudronError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-            if (result.statusCode === 404) return callback(new CloudronError(CloudronError.NOT_FOUND));
-            if (result.statusCode !== 201) return callback(new CloudronError(CloudronError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('Sending alive status failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
+        var backendSettings = {
+            dnsConfig: {
+                provider: result[settings.DNS_CONFIG_KEY].provider,
+                wildcard: result[settings.DNS_CONFIG_KEY].provider === 'manual' ? result[settings.DNS_CONFIG_KEY].wildcard : undefined
+            },
+            tlsConfig: {
+                provider: result[settings.TLS_CONFIG_KEY].provider
+            },
+            backupConfig: {
+                provider: result[settings.BACKUP_CONFIG_KEY].provider
+            },
+            mailConfig: {
+                enabled: result[settings.MAIL_CONFIG_KEY].enabled
+            },
+            autoupdatePattern: result[settings.AUTOUPDATE_PATTERN_KEY],
+            timeZone: result[settings.TIME_ZONE_KEY]
+        };
 
-            callback(null);
-        });
-    }
-
-    // Caas Cloudrons do not store appstore credentials in their local database
-    if (config.provider() === 'caas') {
-        var url = config.apiServerOrigin() + '/api/v1/exchangeBoxTokenWithUserToken';
-        superagent.post(url).query({ token: config.token() }).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
-            if (error && !error.response) return callback(new CloudronError(CloudronError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-            if (result.statusCode !== 201) return callback(new CloudronError(CloudronError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('Token exchange failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
-
-            sendAliveStatusWithAppstoreConfig(data, result.body);
-        });
-    } else {
-        settings.getAppstoreConfig(function (error, result) {
-            if (error) return callback(new CloudronError(CloudronError.INTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-
-            if (!result.token) {
-                debug('sendAliveStatus: Cloudron not yet registered');
-                return callback(null);
+        var data = {
+            domain: config.fqdn(),
+            version: config.version(),
+            provider: config.provider(),
+            backendSettings: backendSettings,
+            machine: {
+                cpus: os.cpus(),
+                totalmem: os.totalmem()
             }
+        };
 
-            sendAliveStatusWithAppstoreConfig(data, result);
+        getAppstoreConfig(function (error, appstoreConfig) {
+            if (error) return callback(error);
+
+            var url = config.apiServerOrigin() + '/api/v1/users/' + appstoreConfig.userId + '/cloudrons/' + appstoreConfig.cloudronId + '/alive';
+            superagent.post(url).send(data).query({ accessToken: appstoreConfig.token }).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
+                if (error && !error.response) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error));
+                if (result.statusCode === 404) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.NOT_FOUND));
+                if (result.statusCode !== 201) return callback(new AppstoreError(AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('Sending alive status failed. %s %j', result.status, result.body)));
+
+                callback(null);
+            });
         });
-    }
+    });
 }
diff --git a/src/cloudron.js b/src/cloudron.js
index 38d51ae58..cc2f4377e 100644
--- a/src/cloudron.js
+++ b/src/cloudron.js
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ exports = module.exports = {
     dnsSetup: dnsSetup,
 
     sendHeartbeat: sendHeartbeat,
-    sendAliveStatus: sendAliveStatus,
 
     updateToLatest: updateToLatest,
     reboot: reboot,
@@ -32,7 +31,6 @@ exports = module.exports = {
 };
 
 var apps = require('./apps.js'),
-    appstore = require('./appstore.js'),
     assert = require('assert'),
     async = require('async'),
     backups = require('./backups.js'),
@@ -477,50 +475,6 @@ function sendHeartbeat() {
     });
 }
 
-function sendAliveStatus(callback) {
-    if (typeof callback !== 'function') {
-        callback = function (error) {
-            if (error && error.reason !== CloudronError.INTERNAL_ERROR) debug(error);
-            else if (error) debug(error);
-        };
-    }
-
-    settings.getAll(function (error, result) {
-        if (error) return callback(new CloudronError(CloudronError.INTERNAL_ERROR, error));
-
-        var backendSettings = {
-            dnsConfig: {
-                provider: result[settings.DNS_CONFIG_KEY].provider,
-                wildcard: result[settings.DNS_CONFIG_KEY].provider === 'manual' ? result[settings.DNS_CONFIG_KEY].wildcard : undefined
-            },
-            tlsConfig: {
-                provider: result[settings.TLS_CONFIG_KEY].provider
-            },
-            backupConfig: {
-                provider: result[settings.BACKUP_CONFIG_KEY].provider
-            },
-            mailConfig: {
-                enabled: result[settings.MAIL_CONFIG_KEY].enabled
-            },
-            autoupdatePattern: result[settings.AUTOUPDATE_PATTERN_KEY],
-            timeZone: result[settings.TIME_ZONE_KEY]
-        };
-
-        var data = {
-            domain: config.fqdn(),
-            version: config.version(),
-            provider: config.provider(),
-            backendSettings: backendSettings,
-            machine: {
-                cpus: os.cpus(),
-                totalmem: os.totalmem()
-            }
-        };
-
-        appstore.sendAliveStatus(data, callback);
-    });
-}
-
 function ensureDkimKey(callback) {
     var dkimPath = path.join(paths.MAIL_DATA_DIR, 'dkim/' + config.fqdn());
     var dkimPrivateKeyFile = path.join(dkimPath, 'private');
diff --git a/src/cron.js b/src/cron.js
index 07e1ee8a3..4fe8297fb 100644
--- a/src/cron.js
+++ b/src/cron.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ exports = module.exports = {
 };
 
 var apps = require('./apps.js'),
+    appstore = require('./appstore.js'),
     assert = require('assert'),
     backups = require('./backups.js'),
     certificates = require('./certificates.js'),
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ function initialize(callback) {
     var randomHourMinute = Math.floor(60*Math.random());
     gAliveJob = new CronJob({
         cronTime: '00 ' + randomHourMinute + ' * * * *', // every hour on a random minute
-        onTick: cloudron.sendAliveStatus,
+        onTick: appstore.sendAliveStatus,
         start: true
     });