diff --git a/src/dns/cloudflare.js b/src/dns/cloudflare.js
index 9a77c395c..66e4836ff 100644
--- a/src/dns/cloudflare.js
+++ b/src/dns/cloudflare.js
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ const assert = require('assert'),
     ipaddr = require('ipaddr.js'),
     safe = require('safetydance'),
     superagent = require('superagent'),
-    util = require('util'),
     waitForDns = require('./waitfordns.js'),
     _ = require('underscore');
 
@@ -38,20 +37,20 @@ function injectPrivateFields(newConfig, currentConfig) {
 function translateRequestError(result) {
     assert.strictEqual(typeof result, 'object');
 
-    if (result.statusCode === 404) return new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, util.format('%s %j', result.statusCode, 'API does not exist'));
+    if (result.statusCode === 404) return new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, `[${result.statusCode}] ${JSON.stringify(result.body)}`);
     if (result.statusCode === 422) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, result.body.message);
     if (result.statusCode === 400 || result.statusCode === 401 || result.statusCode === 403) {
         let message = 'Unknown error';
         if (typeof result.body.error === 'string') {
-            message = `message: ${result.body.error} statusCode: ${result.statusCode}`;
+            message = `[${result.statusCode}] ${result.body.error}`;
         } else if (Array.isArray(result.body.errors) && result.body.errors.length > 0) {
             const error = result.body.errors[0];
-            message = `message: ${error.message} statusCode: ${result.statusCode} code:${error.code}`;
+            message = `[${result.statusCode}] ${error.message} code:${error.code}`;
         }
         return new BoxError(BoxError.ACCESS_DENIED, message);
     }
 
-    return new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, util.format('%s %j', result.statusCode, result.body));
+    return new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, `${result.statusCode} ${JSON.stringify(result.body)}`);
 }
 
 function createRequest(method, url, domainConfig) {
diff --git a/src/dns/desec.js b/src/dns/desec.js
index 81d86f868..c62b34c63 100644
--- a/src/dns/desec.js
+++ b/src/dns/desec.js
@@ -19,13 +19,12 @@ const assert = require('assert'),
     safe = require('safetydance'),
     timers = require('timers/promises'),
     superagent = require('superagent'),
-    util = require('util'),
     waitForDns = require('./waitfordns.js');
 
 const DESEC_ENDPOINT = 'https://desec.io/api/v1';
 
 function formatError(response) {
-    return util.format('deSEC DNS error [%s] %j', response.statusCode, response.body);
+    return `deSEC DNS error [${response.statusCode}] ${JSON.stringify(response.body)}`;
 }
 
 function removePrivateFields(domainObject) {
diff --git a/src/dns/gandi.js b/src/dns/gandi.js
index 2a4b06c37..d5feb9672 100644
--- a/src/dns/gandi.js
+++ b/src/dns/gandi.js
@@ -18,13 +18,12 @@ const assert = require('assert'),
     dns = require('../dns.js'),
     safe = require('safetydance'),
     superagent = require('superagent'),
-    util = require('util'),
     waitForDns = require('./waitfordns.js');
 
 const GANDI_API = 'https://dns.api.gandi.net/api/v5';
 
 function formatError(response) {
-    return util.format(`Gandi DNS error [${response.statusCode}] ${response.body.message}`);
+    return `Gandi DNS error [${response.statusCode}] ${response.body.message}`;
 }
 
 function removePrivateFields(domainObject) {
diff --git a/src/dns/godaddy.js b/src/dns/godaddy.js
index a69ea9d79..226c7446b 100644
--- a/src/dns/godaddy.js
+++ b/src/dns/godaddy.js
@@ -18,14 +18,13 @@ const assert = require('assert'),
     dns = require('../dns.js'),
     safe = require('safetydance'),
     superagent = require('superagent'),
-    util = require('util'),
     waitForDns = require('./waitfordns.js');
 
 // const GODADDY_API_OTE = 'https://api.ote-godaddy.com/v1/domains';
 const GODADDY_API = 'https://api.godaddy.com/v1/domains';
 
 function formatError(response) {
-    return util.format(`GoDaddy DNS error [${response.statusCode}] ${response.body.message}`);
+    return `GoDaddy DNS error [${response.statusCode}] ${response.body.message}`;
 }
 
 function removePrivateFields(domainObject) {
diff --git a/src/dns/linode.js b/src/dns/linode.js
index 08c38c9ed..259da7685 100644
--- a/src/dns/linode.js
+++ b/src/dns/linode.js
@@ -18,13 +18,12 @@ const assert = require('assert'),
     dns = require('../dns.js'),
     safe = require('safetydance'),
     superagent = require('superagent'),
-    util = require('util'),
     waitForDns = require('./waitfordns.js');
 
 const LINODE_ENDPOINT = 'https://api.linode.com/v4';
 
 function formatError(response) {
-    return util.format('Linode DNS error [%s] %j', response.statusCode, response.body);
+    return `Linode DNS error [${response.statusCode}] ${JSON.stringify(response.body)}`;
 }
 
 function removePrivateFields(domainObject) {
@@ -126,7 +125,8 @@ async function upsert(domainObject, location, type, values) {
     debug('upsert: %s for zone %s of type %s with values %j', name, zoneName, type, values);
 
     const { zoneId, records } = await getZoneRecords(domainConfig, zoneName, name, type);
-    let i = 0, recordIds = []; // used to track available records to update instead of create
+    let i = 0; // used to track available records to update instead of create
+    const recordIds = [];
 
     for (const value of values) {
         const data = {
diff --git a/src/dns/netcup.js b/src/dns/netcup.js
index b8376dd8d..bc04af7bc 100644
--- a/src/dns/netcup.js
+++ b/src/dns/netcup.js
@@ -18,14 +18,13 @@ const assert = require('assert'),
     dns = require('../dns.js'),
     safe = require('safetydance'),
     superagent = require('superagent'),
-    util = require('util'),
     waitForDns = require('./waitfordns.js');
 
 const API_ENDPOINT = 'https://ccp.netcup.net/run/webservice/servers/endpoint.php?JSON';
 
 function formatError(response) {
-    if (response.body) return util.format('Netcup DNS error [%s] %s', response.body.statuscode, response.body.longmessage);
-    else return util.format('Netcup DNS error [%s] %s', response.statusCode, response.text);
+    if (response.body) return `Netcup DNS error [${response.body.statuscode}] ${response.body.longmessage}`;
+    else return `Netcup DNS error [${response.statusCode}] ${response.text}`;
 }
 
 function removePrivateFields(domainObject) {
diff --git a/src/dns/vultr.js b/src/dns/vultr.js
index f2409f616..ddab97f80 100644
--- a/src/dns/vultr.js
+++ b/src/dns/vultr.js
@@ -18,13 +18,12 @@ const assert = require('assert'),
     dns = require('../dns.js'),
     safe = require('safetydance'),
     superagent = require('superagent'),
-    util = require('util'),
     waitForDns = require('./waitfordns.js');
 
 const VULTR_ENDPOINT = 'https://api.vultr.com/v2';
 
 function formatError(response) {
-    return util.format('Vultr DNS error [%s] %j', response.statusCode, response.body);
+    return `Vultr DNS error [${response.statusCode}] ${JSON.stringify(response.body)}`;
 }
 
 function removePrivateFields(domainObject) {