cloudron-box/src/apps.js

'use strict';

exports = module.exports = {
    hasAccessTo: hasAccessTo,
    removeInternalFields: removeInternalFields,
    removeRestrictedFields: removeRestrictedFields,

    get: get,
    getByContainerId: getByContainerId,
    getByIpAddress: getByIpAddress,
    getByFqdn: getByFqdn,
    getAll: getAll,
    getAllByUser: getAllByUser,
    install: install,
    uninstall: uninstall,

    setAccessRestriction: setAccessRestriction,
    setLabel: setLabel,
    setIcon: setIcon,
    setTags: setTags,
    setMemoryLimit: setMemoryLimit,
    setAutomaticBackup: setAutomaticBackup,
    setAutomaticUpdate: setAutomaticUpdate,
    setReverseProxyConfig: setReverseProxyConfig,
    setCertificate: setCertificate,
    setDebugMode: setDebugMode,
    setEnvironment: setEnvironment,
    setMailbox: setMailbox,
    setLocation: setLocation,
    setDataDir: setDataDir,
    repair: repair,

    restore: restore,
    importApp: importApp,
    clone: clone,

    update: update,

    backup: backup,
    listBackups: listBackups,

    getLogs: getLogs,

    start: start,
    stop: stop,

    exec: exec,

    checkManifestConstraints: checkManifestConstraints,

    canAutoupdateApp: canAutoupdateApp,
    autoupdateApps: autoupdateApps,

    restoreInstalledApps: restoreInstalledApps,
    configureInstalledApps: configureInstalledApps,
    schedulePendingTasks: schedulePendingTasks,

    getDataDir: getDataDir,
    getIconPath: getIconPath,

    downloadFile: downloadFile,
    uploadFile: uploadFile,

    PORT_TYPE_TCP: 'tcp',
    PORT_TYPE_UDP: 'udp',

    // task codes - the installation state is now a misnomer (keep in sync in UI)
    ISTATE_PENDING_INSTALL: 'pending_install', // installs and fresh reinstalls
    ISTATE_PENDING_CLONE: 'pending_clone', // clone
    ISTATE_PENDING_CONFIGURE: 'pending_configure', // infra update
    ISTATE_PENDING_RECREATE_CONTAINER: 'pending_recreate_container', // env change or addon change
    ISTATE_PENDING_LOCATION_CHANGE: 'pending_location_change',
    ISTATE_PENDING_DATA_DIR_MIGRATION: 'pending_data_dir_migration',
    ISTATE_PENDING_RESIZE: 'pending_resize',
    ISTATE_PENDING_DEBUG: 'pending_debug',
    ISTATE_PENDING_UNINSTALL: 'pending_uninstall', // uninstallation
    ISTATE_PENDING_RESTORE: 'pending_restore', // restore to previous backup or on upgrade
    ISTATE_PENDING_UPDATE: 'pending_update', // update from installed state preserving data
    ISTATE_PENDING_BACKUP: 'pending_backup', // backup the app. this is state because it blocks other operations
    ISTATE_PENDING_START: 'pending_start',
    ISTATE_PENDING_STOP: 'pending_stop',
    ISTATE_ERROR: 'error', // error executing last pending_* command
    ISTATE_INSTALLED: 'installed', // app is installed

    // run states
    RSTATE_RUNNING: 'running',
    RSTATE_STOPPED: 'stopped', // app stopped by us

    // health states (keep in sync in UI)
    HEALTH_HEALTHY: 'healthy',
    HEALTH_UNHEALTHY: 'unhealthy',
    HEALTH_ERROR: 'error',
    HEALTH_DEAD: 'dead',

    // exported for testing
    _validatePortBindings: validatePortBindings,
    _validateAccessRestriction: validateAccessRestriction,
    _translatePortBindings: translatePortBindings,
    _MOCK_GET_BY_IP_APP_ID: ''
};

var appdb = require('./appdb.js'),
    appstore = require('./appstore.js'),
    AppstoreError = require('./appstore.js').AppstoreError,
    appTaskManager = require('./apptaskmanager.js'),
    assert = require('assert'),
    async = require('async'),
    backups = require('./backups.js'),
    BoxError = require('./boxerror.js'),
    constants = require('./constants.js'),
    debug = require('debug')('box:apps'),
    docker = require('./docker.js'),
    domaindb = require('./domaindb.js'),
    domains = require('./domains.js'),
    eventlog = require('./eventlog.js'),
    fs = require('fs'),
    mail = require('./mail.js'),
    manifestFormat = require('cloudron-manifestformat'),
    once = require('once'),
    os = require('os'),
    path = require('path'),
    paths = require('./paths.js'),
    reverseProxy = require('./reverseproxy.js'),
    safe = require('safetydance'),
    semver = require('semver'),
    settings = require('./settings.js'),
    spawn = require('child_process').spawn,
    split = require('split'),
    superagent = require('superagent'),
    tasks = require('./tasks.js'),
    TransformStream = require('stream').Transform,
    updateChecker = require('./updatechecker.js'),
    util = require('util'),
    uuid = require('uuid'),
    validator = require('validator'),
    _ = require('underscore');

const NOOP_CALLBACK = function (error) { if (error) debug(error); };

// validate the port bindings
function validatePortBindings(portBindings, manifest) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof portBindings, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof manifest, 'object');

    // keep the public ports in sync with firewall rules in setup/start/cloudron-firewall.sh
    // these ports are reserved even if we listen only on 127.0.0.1 because we setup HostIp to be 127.0.0.1
    // for custom tcp ports
    var RESERVED_PORTS = [
        22, /* ssh */
        25, /* smtp */
        53, /* dns */
        80, /* http */
        143, /* imap */
        202, /* alternate ssh */
        222, /* proftd */
        443, /* https */
        465, /* smtps */
        587, /* submission */
        993, /* imaps */
        2003, /* graphite (lo) */
        2004, /* graphite (lo) */
        2020, /* mail server */
        2514, /* cloudron-syslog (lo) */
        constants.PORT, /* app server (lo) */
        constants.SYSADMIN_PORT, /* sysadmin app server (lo) */
        constants.INTERNAL_SMTP_PORT, /* internal smtp port (lo) */
        constants.LDAP_PORT,
        3306, /* mysql (lo) */
        4190, /* managesieve */
        8000, /* ESXi monitoring */
        8417, /* graphite (lo) */
    ];

    if (!portBindings) return null;

    for (let portName in portBindings) {
        if (!/^[a-zA-Z0-9_]+$/.test(portName)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `${portName} is not a valid environment variable`, { field: 'portBindings', portName: portName });

        const hostPort = portBindings[portName];
        if (!Number.isInteger(hostPort)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `${hostPort} is not an integer`, { field: 'portBindings', portName: portName });
        if (RESERVED_PORTS.indexOf(hostPort) !== -1) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `Port ${hostPort} is reserved.`, { field: 'portBindings', portName: portName });
        if (hostPort <= 1023 || hostPort > 65535) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `${hostPort} is not in permitted range`, { field: 'portBindings', portName: portName });
    }

    // it is OK if there is no 1-1 mapping between values in manifest.tcpPorts and portBindings. missing values implies
    // that the user wants the service disabled
    const tcpPorts = manifest.tcpPorts || { };
    const udpPorts = manifest.udpPorts || { };
    for (let portName in portBindings) {
        if (!(portName in tcpPorts) && !(portName in udpPorts)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `Invalid portBindings ${portName}`, { field: 'portBindings', portName: portName });
    }

    return null;
}

function translatePortBindings(portBindings, manifest) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof portBindings, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof manifest, 'object');

    if (!portBindings) return null;

    let result = {};
    const tcpPorts = manifest.tcpPorts || { };

    for (let portName in portBindings) {
        const portType = portName in tcpPorts ? exports.PORT_TYPE_TCP : exports.PORT_TYPE_UDP;
        result[portName] = { hostPort: portBindings[portName], type: portType };
    }
    return result;
}

function validateAccessRestriction(accessRestriction) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof accessRestriction, 'object');

    if (accessRestriction === null) return null;

    if (accessRestriction.users) {
        if (!Array.isArray(accessRestriction.users)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'users array property required');
        if (!accessRestriction.users.every(function (e) { return typeof e === 'string'; })) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'All users have to be strings');
    }

    if (accessRestriction.groups) {
        if (!Array.isArray(accessRestriction.groups)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'groups array property required');
        if (!accessRestriction.groups.every(function (e) { return typeof e === 'string'; })) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'All groups have to be strings');
    }

    // TODO: maybe validate if the users and groups actually exist
    return null;
}

function validateMemoryLimit(manifest, memoryLimit) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof manifest, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof memoryLimit, 'number');

    var min = manifest.memoryLimit || constants.DEFAULT_MEMORY_LIMIT;
    var max = os.totalmem() * 2; // this will overallocate since we don't allocate equal swap always (#466)

    // allow 0, which indicates that it is not set, the one from the manifest will be choosen but we don't commit any user value
    // this is needed so an app update can change the value in the manifest, and if not set by the user, the new value should be used
    if (memoryLimit === 0) return null;

    // a special value that indicates unlimited memory
    if (memoryLimit === -1) return null;

    if (memoryLimit < min) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'memoryLimit too small');
    if (memoryLimit > max) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'memoryLimit too large');

    return null;
}

function validateDebugMode(debugMode) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof debugMode, 'object');

    if (debugMode === null) return null;
    if ('cmd' in debugMode && debugMode.cmd !== null && !Array.isArray(debugMode.cmd)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'debugMode.cmd must be an array or null' );
    if ('readonlyRootfs' in debugMode && typeof debugMode.readonlyRootfs !== 'boolean') return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'debugMode.readonlyRootfs must be a boolean' );

    return null;
}

function validateRobotsTxt(robotsTxt) {
    if (robotsTxt === null) return null;

    // this is the nginx limit on inline strings. if we really hit this, we have to generate a file
    if (robotsTxt.length > 4096) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'robotsTxt must be less than 4096', { field: 'robotsTxt' });

    // TODO: validate the robots file? we escape the string when templating the nginx config right now

    return null;
}

function validateCsp(csp) {
    if (csp === null) return null;

    if (csp.length > 4096) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'CSP must be less than 4096', { field: 'csp' });

    if (csp.includes('"')) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'CSP cannot contains double quotes', { field: 'csp' });

    return null;
}

function validateBackupFormat(format) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof format, 'string');

    if (format === 'tgz' || format == 'rsync') return null;

    return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Invalid backup format');
}

function validateLabel(label) {
    if (label === null) return null;

    if (label.length > 128) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'label must be less than 128', { field: 'label' });

    return null;
}

function validateTags(tags) {
    if (tags.length > 64) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Can only set up to 64 tags', { field: 'tags' });

    if (tags.some(tag => tag.length == 0)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'tag cannot be empty', { field: 'tags' });
    if (tags.some(tag => tag.length > 128)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'tag must be less than 128', { field: 'tags' });

    return null;
}

function validateEnv(env) {
    for (let key in env) {
        if (key.length > 512) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Max env var key length is 512', { field: 'env', env: env });
        // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/000095399/basedefs/xbd_chap08.html
        if (!/^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.test(key)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `"${key}" is not a valid environment variable`, { field: 'env', env: env });
    }

    return null;
}

function validateDataDir(dataDir) {
    if (dataDir === null) return null;

    if (path.resolve(dataDir) !== dataDir) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'dataDir must be an absolute path', { field: 'dataDir' });

    // nfs shares will have the directory mounted already
    let stat = safe.fs.lstatSync(dataDir);
    if (stat) {
        if (!stat.isDirectory()) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `dataDir ${dataDir} is not a directory`, { field: 'dataDir' });
        let entries = safe.fs.readdirSync(dataDir);
        if (!entries) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `dataDir ${dataDir} could not be listed`, { field: 'dataDir' });
        if (entries.length !== 0) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `dataDir ${dataDir} is not empty`, { field: 'dataDir' });
    }

    // backup logic relies on paths not overlapping (because it recurses)
    if (dataDir.startsWith(paths.APPS_DATA_DIR)) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `dataDir ${dataDir} cannot be inside apps data`, { field: 'dataDir' });

    // if we made it this far, it cannot start with any of these realistically
    const fhs = [ '/bin', '/boot', '/etc', '/lib', '/lib32', '/lib64', '/proc', '/run', '/sbin', '/tmp', '/usr' ];
    if (fhs.some((p) => dataDir.startsWith(p))) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `dataDir ${dataDir} cannot be placed inside this location`, { field: 'dataDir' });

    return null;
}

function getDuplicateErrorDetails(errorMessage, locations, domainObjectMap, portBindings) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof errorMessage, 'string');
    assert(Array.isArray(locations));
    assert.strictEqual(typeof domainObjectMap, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof portBindings, 'object');

    var match = errorMessage.match(/ER_DUP_ENTRY: Duplicate entry '(.*)' for key '(.*)'/);
    if (!match) {
        debug('Unexpected SQL error message.', errorMessage);
        return new BoxError(BoxError.INTERNAL_ERROR, new Error(errorMessage));
    }

    // check if a location conflicts
    if (match[2] === 'subdomain') {
        for (let i = 0; i < locations.length; i++) {
            const { subdomain, domain } = locations[i];
            if  (match[1] !== `${subdomain}-${domain}`) continue;

            return new BoxError(BoxError.ALREADY_EXISTS, `Domain '${domains.fqdn(subdomain, domainObjectMap[domain])}' is in use`, { subdomain, domain });
        }
    }

    // check if any of the port bindings conflict
    for (let portName in portBindings) {
        if (portBindings[portName] === parseInt(match[1])) return new BoxError(BoxError.ALREADY_EXISTS, `Port ${match[1]} is reserved`, { portName });
    }

    if (match[2] === 'dataDir') {
        return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, `Data directory ${match[1]} is in use`, { field: 'dataDir' });
    }

    return new BoxError(BoxError.ALREADY_EXISTS, `${match[2]} '${match[1]}' is in use`);
}

function getDataDir(app, dataDir) {
    assert(dataDir === null || typeof dataDir === 'string');

    return dataDir || path.join(paths.APPS_DATA_DIR, app.id, 'data');
}

function removeInternalFields(app) {
    return _.pick(app,
        'id', 'appStoreId', 'installationState', 'error', 'runState', 'health', 'taskId',
        'location', 'domain', 'fqdn', 'mailboxName',
        'accessRestriction', 'manifest', 'portBindings', 'iconUrl', 'memoryLimit',
        'sso', 'debugMode', 'reverseProxyConfig', 'enableBackup', 'creationTime', 'updateTime', 'ts', 'tags',
        'label', 'alternateDomains', 'env', 'enableAutomaticUpdate', 'dataDir');
}

// non-admins can only see these
function removeRestrictedFields(app) {
    return _.pick(app,
        'id', 'appStoreId', 'installationState', 'error', 'runState', 'health', 'taskId',
        'location', 'domain', 'fqdn', 'manifest', 'portBindings', 'iconUrl', 'creationTime', 'ts', 'tags', 'label');
}

function getIconUrlSync(app) {
    const iconUrl = '/api/v1/apps/' + app.id + '/icon';

    const userIconPath = `${paths.APP_ICONS_DIR}/${app.id}.user.png`;
    if (safe.fs.existsSync(userIconPath)) return iconUrl;

    const appstoreIconPath = `${paths.APP_ICONS_DIR}/${app.id}.png`;
    if (safe.fs.existsSync(appstoreIconPath)) return iconUrl;

    return null;
}

function getIconPath(appId, options, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof options, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    if (!options.original) {
        const userIconPath = `${paths.APP_ICONS_DIR}/${appId}.user.png`;
        if (safe.fs.existsSync(userIconPath)) return callback(null, userIconPath);
    }

    const appstoreIconPath = `${paths.APP_ICONS_DIR}/${appId}.png`;
    if (safe.fs.existsSync(appstoreIconPath)) return callback(null, appstoreIconPath);

    callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, 'No icon'));
}

function postProcess(app, domainObjectMap) {
    let result = {};
    for (let portName in app.portBindings) {
        result[portName] = app.portBindings[portName].hostPort;
    }
    app.portBindings = result;

    app.iconUrl = getIconUrlSync(app);
    app.fqdn = domains.fqdn(app.location, domainObjectMap[app.domain]);
    app.alternateDomains.forEach(function (ad) { ad.fqdn = domains.fqdn(ad.subdomain, domainObjectMap[ad.domain]); });
}

function hasAccessTo(app, user, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof app, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof user, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    if (app.accessRestriction === null) return callback(null, true);

    // check user access
    if (app.accessRestriction.users.some(function (e) { return e === user.id; })) return callback(null, true);

    if (user.admin) return callback(null, true); // admins can always access any app

    if (!app.accessRestriction.groups) return callback(null, false);

    if (app.accessRestriction.groups.some(function (gid) { return user.groupIds.indexOf(gid) !== -1; })) return callback(null, true);

    callback(null, false);
}

function getDomainObjectMap(callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    domaindb.getAll(function (error, domainObjects) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        let domainObjectMap = {};
        for (let d of domainObjects) { domainObjectMap[d.domain] = d; }

        callback(null, domainObjectMap);
    });
}

function get(appId, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    getDomainObjectMap(function (error, domainObjectMap) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appdb.get(appId, function (error, app) {
            if (error && error.reason === BoxError.NOT_FOUND) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, 'No such app'));
            if (error) return callback(error);

            postProcess(app, domainObjectMap);

            callback(null, app);
        });
    });
}

function getByContainerId(containerId, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof containerId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    getDomainObjectMap(function (error, domainObjectMap) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appdb.getByContainerId(containerId, function (error, app) {
            if (error && error.reason === BoxError.NOT_FOUND) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, 'No such app'));
            if (error) return callback(error);

            postProcess(app, domainObjectMap);

            callback(null, app);
        });
    });
}

// returns the app associated with this IP (app or scheduler)
function getByIpAddress(ip, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof ip, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    // this is only used by the ldap test. the apps tests still uses proper docker
    if (constants.TEST && exports._MOCK_GET_BY_IP_APP_ID) return get(exports._MOCK_GET_BY_IP_APP_ID, callback);

    docker.getContainerIdByIp(ip, function (error, containerId) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        docker.inspect(containerId, function (error, result) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            const appId = safe.query(result, 'Config.Labels.appId', null);
            if (!appId) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, 'No such app'));

            get(appId, callback);
        });
    });
}

function getByFqdn(fqdn, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof fqdn, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    getAll(function (error, result) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        var app = result.find(function (a) { return a.fqdn === fqdn; });
        if (!app) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, 'No such app'));

        callback(null, app);
    });
}

function getAll(callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    getDomainObjectMap(function (error, domainObjectMap) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appdb.getAll(function (error, apps) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            apps.forEach((app) => postProcess(app, domainObjectMap));

            callback(null, apps);
        });
    });
}

function getAllByUser(user, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof user, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    getAll(function (error, result) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        async.filter(result, function (app, iteratorDone) {
            hasAccessTo(app, user, iteratorDone);
        }, callback);
    });
}

function downloadManifest(appStoreId, manifest, callback) {
    if (!appStoreId && !manifest) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Neither manifest nor appStoreId provided'));

    if (!appStoreId) return callback(null, '', manifest);

    var parts = appStoreId.split('@');

    var url = settings.apiServerOrigin() + '/api/v1/apps/' + parts[0] + (parts[1] ? '/versions/' + parts[1] : '');

    debug('downloading manifest from %s', url);

    superagent.get(url).timeout(30 * 1000).end(function (error, result) {
        if (error && !error.response) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, 'Network error downloading manifest:' + error.message));

        if (result.statusCode !== 200) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, util.format('Failed to get app info from store.', result.statusCode, result.text)));

        callback(null, parts[0], result.body.manifest);
    });
}

function mailboxNameForLocation(location, manifest) {
    return (location ? location : manifest.title.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/g, '')) + '.app';
}

function scheduleTask(appId, installationState, taskId, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof installationState, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof taskId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    appTaskManager.scheduleTask(appId, taskId, function (error) {
        debug(`scheduleTask: task ${taskId} of $${appId} completed`);
        if (error && (error.code === tasks.ECRASHED || error.code === tasks.ESTOPPED)) { // if task crashed, update the error
            debug(`Apptask crashed/stopped: ${error.message}`);
            let boxError = new BoxError(BoxError.TASK_ERROR, error.message);
            boxError.details.crashed = error.code === tasks.ECRASHED;
            boxError.details.stopped = error.code === tasks.ESTOPPED;
            // see also apptask makeTaskError
            boxError.details.taskId = taskId;
            boxError.details.installationState = installationState;
            appdb.update(appId, { installationState: exports.ISTATE_ERROR, error: boxError.toPlainObject(), taskId: null }, callback);
        } else if (!(installationState === exports.ISTATE_PENDING_UNINSTALL && !error)) { // clear out taskId except for successful uninstall
            appdb.update(appId, { taskId: null }, callback);
        }
    });
}

function addTask(appId, installationState, task, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof installationState, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof task, 'object'); // { args, values }
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    const { args, values } = task;
    // by default, a task can only run on installed state. if it's null, it can be run on any state
    const requiredState = 'requiredState' in task ? task.requiredState : exports.ISTATE_INSTALLED;
    const scheduleNow = 'scheduleNow' in task ? task.scheduleNow : true;
    const requireNullTaskId = 'requireNullTaskId' in task ? task.requireNullTaskId : true;

    tasks.add(tasks.TASK_APP, [ appId, args ], function (error, taskId) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appdb.setTask(appId, _.extend({ installationState, taskId, error: null }, values), { requiredState, requireNullTaskId }, function (error) {
            if (error && error.reason === BoxError.NOT_FOUND) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_STATE, 'Another task is scheduled for this app')); // could be because app went away OR a taskId exists
            if (error) return callback(error);

            if (scheduleNow) scheduleTask(appId, installationState, taskId, NOOP_CALLBACK);

            callback(null, { taskId });
        });
    });
}

function checkAppState(app, state) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof app, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof state, 'string');

    if (app.taskId) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_STATE, `Not allowed in this app state : ${app.installationState} / ${app.runState}`);

    if (app.installationState === exports.ISTATE_ERROR) {
        if (state !== exports.ISTATE_PENDING_UNINSTALL) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_STATE, 'Not allowed in error state');
    }

    return null;
}

function validateLocations(locations, callback) {
    assert(Array.isArray(locations));
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    getDomainObjectMap(function (error, domainObjectMap) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        for (let location of locations) {
            if (!(location.domain in domainObjectMap)) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'No such domain', { field: 'location', domain: location.domain, subdomain: location.subdomain }));

            error = domains.validateHostname(location.subdomain, domainObjectMap[location.domain]);
            if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Bad location: ' + error.message, { field: 'location', domain: location.domain, subdomain: location.subdomain }));
        }

        callback(null, domainObjectMap);
    });
}

function install(data, user, auditSource, callback) {
    assert(data && typeof data === 'object');
    assert(user && typeof user === 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    var location = data.location.toLowerCase(),
        domain = data.domain.toLowerCase(),
        portBindings = data.portBindings || null,
        accessRestriction = data.accessRestriction || null,
        icon = data.icon || null,
        cert = data.cert || null,
        key = data.key || null,
        memoryLimit = data.memoryLimit || 0,
        sso = 'sso' in data ? data.sso : null,
        debugMode = data.debugMode || null,
        enableBackup = 'enableBackup' in data ? data.enableBackup : true,
        enableAutomaticUpdate = 'enableAutomaticUpdate' in data ? data.enableAutomaticUpdate : true,
        alternateDomains = data.alternateDomains || [],
        env = data.env || {},
        mailboxName = data.mailboxName || '',
        label = data.label || null,
        tags = data.tags || [],
        overwriteDns = 'overwriteDns' in data ? data.overwriteDns : false;

    assert(data.appStoreId || data.manifest); // atleast one of them is required

    downloadManifest(data.appStoreId, data.manifest, function (error, appStoreId, manifest) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = manifestFormat.parse(manifest);
        if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Manifest error: ' + error.message));

        error = checkManifestConstraints(manifest);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validatePortBindings(portBindings, manifest);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateAccessRestriction(accessRestriction);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateMemoryLimit(manifest, memoryLimit);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateDebugMode(debugMode);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateLabel(label);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateTags(tags);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        if ('sso' in data && !('optionalSso' in manifest)) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'sso can only be specified for apps with optionalSso'));
        // if sso was unspecified, enable it by default if possible
        if (sso === null) sso = !!manifest.addons['ldap'] || !!manifest.addons['oauth'];

        error = validateEnv(env);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        if (mailboxName) {
            error = mail.validateName(mailboxName);
            if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, error.message, { field: 'mailboxName' }));
        } else {
            mailboxName = mailboxNameForLocation(location, manifest);
        }

        var appId = uuid.v4();

        if (icon) {
            if (!validator.isBase64(icon)) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'icon is not base64', { field: 'icon' }));

            if (!safe.fs.writeFileSync(path.join(paths.APP_ICONS_DIR, appId + '.png'), Buffer.from(icon, 'base64'))) {
                return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.FS_ERROR, 'Error saving icon:' + safe.error.message));
            }
        }

        const locations = [{subdomain: location, domain}].concat(alternateDomains);
        validateLocations(locations, function (error, domainObjectMap) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            if (cert && key) {
                error = reverseProxy.validateCertificate(location, domainObjectMap[domain], { cert, key });
                if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, error.message, { field: 'cert' }));
            }

            debug('Will install app with id : ' + appId);

            var data = {
                accessRestriction: accessRestriction,
                memoryLimit: memoryLimit,
                sso: sso,
                debugMode: debugMode,
                mailboxName: mailboxName,
                enableBackup: enableBackup,
                enableAutomaticUpdate: enableAutomaticUpdate,
                alternateDomains: alternateDomains,
                env: env,
                label: label,
                tags: tags,
                runState: exports.RSTATE_RUNNING,
                installationState: exports.ISTATE_PENDING_INSTALL
            };

            appdb.add(appId, appStoreId, manifest, location, domain, translatePortBindings(portBindings, manifest), data, function (error) {
                if (error && error.reason === BoxError.ALREADY_EXISTS) return callback(getDuplicateErrorDetails(error.message, locations, domainObjectMap, portBindings));
                if (error) return callback(error);

                purchaseApp({ appId: appId, appstoreId: appStoreId, manifestId: manifest.id }, function (error) {
                    if (error) return callback(error);

                    // save cert to boxdata/certs
                    if (cert && key) {
                        let error = reverseProxy.setAppCertificateSync(location, domainObjectMap[domain], { cert, key });
                        if (error) return callback(error);
                    }

                    const task = {
                        args: { restoreConfig: null, overwriteDns },
                        values: { },
                        requiredState: data.installationState
                    };

                    addTask(appId, data.installationState, task, function (error, result) {
                        if (error) return callback(error);

                        const newApp = _.extend({}, data, { appStoreId, manifest, location, domain, portBindings });
                        newApp.fqdn = domains.fqdn(newApp.location, domainObjectMap[newApp.domain]);
                        newApp.alternateDomains.forEach(function (ad) { ad.fqdn = domains.fqdn(ad.subdomain, domainObjectMap[ad.domain]); });

                        eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_INSTALL, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: newApp, taskId: result.taskId });

                        callback(null, { id : appId, taskId: result.taskId });
                    });
                });
            });
        });
    });
}

function setAccessRestriction(appId, accessRestriction, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof accessRestriction, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateAccessRestriction(accessRestriction);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appdb.update(appId, { accessRestriction: accessRestriction }, function (error) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, accessRestriction: accessRestriction });

            callback();
        });
    });
}

function setLabel(appId, label, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof label, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateLabel(label);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appdb.update(appId, { label: label }, function (error) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, label: label });

            callback();
        });
    });
}

function setTags(appId, tags, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert(Array.isArray(tags));
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateTags(tags);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appdb.update(appId, { tags: tags }, function (error) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, tags: tags });

            callback();
        });
    });
}

function setIcon(appId, icon, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert(icon === null || typeof icon === 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        if (icon) {
            if (!validator.isBase64(icon)) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'icon is not base64', { field: 'icon' }));

            if (!safe.fs.writeFileSync(path.join(paths.APP_ICONS_DIR, appId + '.user.png'), Buffer.from(icon, 'base64'))) {
                return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.FS_ERROR, 'Error saving icon:' + safe.error.message));
            }
        } else {
            safe.fs.unlinkSync(path.join(paths.APP_ICONS_DIR, appId + '.user.png'));
        }

        eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, icon: icon });

        callback();
    });
}

function setMemoryLimit(appId, memoryLimit, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof memoryLimit, 'number');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RESIZE);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateMemoryLimit(app.manifest, memoryLimit);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        const task = {
            args: {},
            values: { memoryLimit }
        };
        addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RESIZE, task, function (error, result) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, memoryLimit: memoryLimit, taskId: result.taskId });

            callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
        });
    });
}

function setEnvironment(appId, env, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof env, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RECREATE_CONTAINER);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateEnv(env);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        const task = {
            args: {},
            values: { env }
        };
        addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RECREATE_CONTAINER, task, function (error, result) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, env: env, taskId: result.taskId });

            callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
        });
    });
}

function setDebugMode(appId, debugMode, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof debugMode, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_DEBUG);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateDebugMode(debugMode);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        const task = {
            args: {},
            values: { debugMode }
        };
        addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_DEBUG, task, function (error, result) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, debugMode: debugMode, taskId: result.taskId });

            callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
        });
    });
}

function setMailbox(appId, mailboxName, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert(mailboxName === null || typeof mailboxName === 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RECREATE_CONTAINER);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        if (mailboxName) {
            error = mail.validateName(mailboxName);
            if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, error.message, { field: 'mailboxName' }));
        } else {
            mailboxName = mailboxNameForLocation(app.location, app.manifest);
        }

        const task = {
            args: {},
            values: { mailboxName }
        };
        addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RECREATE_CONTAINER, task, function (error, result) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, mailboxName: mailboxName, taskId: result.taskId });

            callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
        });
    });
}

function setAutomaticBackup(appId, enable, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof enable, 'boolean');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appdb.update(appId, { enableBackup: enable }, function (error) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, enableBackup: enable });

            callback();
        });
    });
}

function setAutomaticUpdate(appId, enable, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof enable, 'boolean');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appdb.update(appId, { enableAutomaticUpdate: enable }, function (error) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, enableAutomaticUpdate: enable });

            callback();
        });
    });
}

function setReverseProxyConfig(appId, reverseProxyConfig, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof reverseProxyConfig, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    reverseProxyConfig = _.extend({ robotsTxt: null, csp: null }, reverseProxyConfig);

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateCsp(reverseProxyConfig.csp);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateRobotsTxt(reverseProxyConfig.robotsTxt);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        reverseProxy.writeAppConfig(_.extend({}, app, { reverseProxyConfig }), function (error) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            appdb.update(appId, { reverseProxyConfig }, function (error) {
                if (error) return callback(error);

                eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId, app, reverseProxyConfig });

                callback();
            });
        });
    });
}

function setCertificate(appId, bundle, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert(bundle && typeof bundle === 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        domains.get(app.domain, function (error, domainObject) {
            if (error && error.reason === BoxError.NOT_FOUND) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, 'No such domain'));
            if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.DATABASE_ERROR, 'Could not get domain info:' + error.message));

            if (bundle.cert && bundle.key) {
                error = reverseProxy.validateCertificate(app.location, domainObject, { cert: bundle.cert, key: bundle.key });
                if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, error.message, { field: 'cert' }));
            }

            error = reverseProxy.setAppCertificateSync(app.location, domainObject, { cert: bundle.cert, key: bundle.key });
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, cert: bundle.cert, key: bundle.key });

            callback();
        });
    });
}

function setLocation(appId, data, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof data, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_LOCATION_CHANGE);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        let values = {
            location: data.location.toLowerCase(),
            domain: data.domain.toLowerCase(),
            // these are intentionally reset, if not set
            portBindings: null,
            alternateDomains: []
        };

        if ('portBindings' in data) {
            error = validatePortBindings(data.portBindings, app.manifest);
            if (error) return callback(error);

            values.portBindings = translatePortBindings(data.portBindings || null, app.manifest);
        }

        // move the mailbox name to match the new location
        if (app.mailboxName.endsWith('.app')) values.mailboxName = mailboxNameForLocation(values.location, app.manifest);

        if ('alternateDomains' in data) {
            values.alternateDomains = data.alternateDomains;
        }

        const locations = [{subdomain: values.location, domain: values.domain}].concat(values.alternateDomains);

        validateLocations(locations, function (error, domainObjectMap) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            const task = {
                args: {
                    oldConfig: _.pick(app, 'location', 'domain', 'fqdn', 'alternateDomains', 'portBindings'),
                    overwriteDns: !!data.overwriteDns
                },
                values
            };
            addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_LOCATION_CHANGE, task, function (error, result) {
                if (error && error.reason === BoxError.ALREADY_EXISTS) error = getDuplicateErrorDetails(error.message, locations, domainObjectMap, data.portBindings);
                if (error) return callback(error);

                values.fqdn = domains.fqdn(values.location, domainObjectMap[values.domain]);
                values.alternateDomains.forEach(function (ad) { ad.fqdn = domains.fqdn(ad.subdomain, domainObjectMap[ad.domain]); });

                eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, _.extend({ appId, app, taskId: result.taskId }, values));

                callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
            });
        });
    });
}

function setDataDir(appId, dataDir, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert(dataDir === null || typeof dataDir === 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_DATA_DIR_MIGRATION);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateDataDir(dataDir);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        const task = {
            args: { oldDataDir: app.dataDir },
            values: { dataDir: dataDir }
        };
        addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_DATA_DIR_MIGRATION, task, function (error, result) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CONFIGURE, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, dataDir: dataDir, taskId: result.taskId });

            callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
        });
    });
}

function update(appId, data, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert(data && typeof data === 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug(`update: id:${appId}`);

    const skipBackup = !!data.skipBackup;

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_UPDATE);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        downloadManifest(data.appStoreId, data.manifest, function (error, appStoreId, manifest) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            error = manifestFormat.parse(manifest);
            if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Manifest error:' + error.message));

            error = checkManifestConstraints(manifest);
            if (error) return callback(error);

            var updateConfig = { skipBackup, manifest };

            // prevent user from installing a app with different manifest id over an existing app
            // this allows cloudron install -f --app <appid> for an app installed from the appStore
            if (app.manifest.id !== updateConfig.manifest.id) {
                if (!data.force) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'manifest id does not match. force to override'));
                // clear appStoreId so that this app does not get updates anymore
                updateConfig.appStoreId = '';
            }

            // suffix '0' if prerelease is missing for semver.lte to work as expected
            const currentVersion = semver.prerelease(app.manifest.version) ? app.manifest.version : `${app.manifest.version}-0`;
            const updateVersion = semver.prerelease(updateConfig.manifest.version) ? updateConfig.manifest.version : `${updateConfig.manifest.version}-0`;
            if (app.appStoreId !== '' && semver.lte(updateVersion, currentVersion)) {
                if (!data.force) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Downgrades are not permitted for apps installed from AppStore. force to override'));
            }

            if ('icon' in data) {
                if (data.icon) {
                    if (!validator.isBase64(data.icon)) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'icon is not base64', { field: 'icon' }));

                    if (!safe.fs.writeFileSync(path.join(paths.APP_ICONS_DIR, appId + '.user.png'), Buffer.from(data.icon, 'base64'))) {
                        return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.FS_ERROR, 'Error saving icon:' + safe.error.message));
                    }
                } else {
                    safe.fs.unlinkSync(path.join(paths.APP_ICONS_DIR, appId + '.user.png'));
                }
            }

            // do not update apps in debug mode
            if (app.debugMode && !data.force) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_STATE, 'debug mode enabled. force to override'));

            // Ensure we update the memory limit in case the new app requires more memory as a minimum
            // 0 and -1 are special updateConfig for memory limit indicating unset and unlimited
            if (app.memoryLimit > 0 && updateConfig.manifest.memoryLimit && app.memoryLimit < updateConfig.manifest.memoryLimit) {
                updateConfig.memoryLimit = updateConfig.manifest.memoryLimit;
            }

            const task = {
                args: { updateConfig },
                values: {}
            };
            addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_UPDATE, task, function (error, result) {
                if (error) return callback(error);

                eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_UPDATE, auditSource, { appId, app, skipBackup, toManifest: manifest, fromManifest: app.manifest, force: data.force, taskId: result.taskId });

                // clear update indicator, if update fails, it will come back through the update checker
                updateChecker.resetAppUpdateInfo(appId);

                callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
            });
        });
    });
}

function getLogs(appId, options, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert(options && typeof options === 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    assert.strictEqual(typeof options.lines, 'number');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof options.format, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof options.follow, 'boolean');

    debug('Getting logs for %s', appId);

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        var lines = options.lines === -1 ? '+1' : options.lines,
            format = options.format || 'json',
            follow = options.follow;

        assert.strictEqual(typeof format, 'string');

        var args = [ '--lines=' + lines ];
        if (follow) args.push('--follow', '--retry', '--quiet'); // same as -F. to make it work if file doesn't exist, --quiet to not output file headers, which are no logs
        args.push(path.join(paths.LOG_DIR, appId, 'apptask.log'));
        args.push(path.join(paths.LOG_DIR, appId, 'app.log'));
        if (app.manifest.addons && app.manifest.addons.redis) args.push(path.join(paths.LOG_DIR, `redis-${appId}/app.log`));

        var cp = spawn('/usr/bin/tail', args);

        var transformStream = split(function mapper(line) {
            if (format !== 'json') return line + '\n';

            var data = line.split(' '); // logs are <ISOtimestamp> <msg>
            var timestamp = (new Date(data[0])).getTime();
            if (isNaN(timestamp)) timestamp = 0;
            var message = line.slice(data[0].length+1);

            // ignore faulty empty logs
            if (!timestamp && !message) return;

            return JSON.stringify({
                realtimeTimestamp: timestamp * 1000,
                message: message,
                source: appId
            }) + '\n';
        });

        transformStream.close = cp.kill.bind(cp, 'SIGKILL'); // closing stream kills the child process

        cp.stdout.pipe(transformStream);

        return callback(null, transformStream);
    });
}

function repair(appId, data, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof data, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug('Will repair app with id:%s', appId);

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        const appError = app.error || {}; // repair can always be called
        const newState = appError.installationState ? appError.installationState : exports.ISTATE_PENDING_CONFIGURE;

        debug(`Repairing app with error: ${JSON.stringify(error)} and state: ${newState}`);

        let values = _.pick(data, 'location', 'domain', 'alternateDomains');

        const locations = (values.location ? [ { subdomain: values.location, domain: values.domain } ] : []).concat(values.alternateDomains || []);
        validateLocations(locations, function (error, domainObjectMap) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            tasks.get(appError.taskId || '', function (error, task) {
                let args = !error ? task.args[1] : {}; // pick args for the failed task. the first argument is the app id

                if ('backupId' in data) {
                    args.restoreConfig = data.backupId ? { backupId: data.backupId, backupFormat: data.backupFormat, oldManifest: app.manifest } : null; // when null, apptask simply reinstalls
                }
                args.overwriteDns = 'overwriteDns' in data ? data.overwriteDns : false;

                // create a new task instead of updating the old one, since it helps tracking
                addTask(appId, newState, { args, values, requiredState: null }, function (error, result) {
                    if (error && error.reason === BoxError.ALREADY_EXISTS) error = getDuplicateErrorDetails(error.message, locations, domainObjectMap, { /* portBindings */});
                    if (error) return callback(error);

                    eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_REPAIR, auditSource, { taskId: result.taskId, app, newState });

                    callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
                });
            });
        });
    });
}

function restore(appId, data, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof data, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug('Will restore app with id:%s', appId);

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RESTORE);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        // for empty or null backupId, use existing manifest to mimic a reinstall
        var func = data.backupId ? backups.get.bind(null, data.backupId) : function (next) { return next(null, { manifest: app.manifest }); };

        func(function (error, backupInfo) {
            if (error && error.reason === BoxError.NOT_FOUND) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));
            if (error && error.reason === BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));
            if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.DATABASE_ERROR, error));

            if (!backupInfo.manifest) callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, 'Could not get restore manifest'));

            // re-validate because this new box version may not accept old configs
            error = checkManifestConstraints(backupInfo.manifest);
            if (error) return callback(error);

            const restoreConfig = { backupId: data.backupId, backupFormat: backupInfo.format, oldManifest: app.manifest };

            const task = {
                args: {
                    restoreConfig,
                    overwriteDns: true
                },
                values: {
                    manifest: backupInfo.manifest
                }
            };
            addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RESTORE, task, function (error, result) {
                if (error) return callback(error);

                eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_RESTORE, auditSource, { app: app, backupId: backupInfo.id, fromManifest: app.manifest, toManifest: backupInfo.manifest, taskId: result.taskId });

                callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
            });
        });
    });
}

function importApp(appId, data, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof data, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug('Will import app with id:%s', appId);

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = validateBackupFormat(data.backupFormat);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RESTORE);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        // TODO: check if the file exists in the storage backend
        const restoreConfig = { backupId: data.backupId, backupFormat: data.backupFormat, oldManifest: app.manifest };

        const task = {
            args: {
                restoreConfig,
                overwriteDns: true
            },
            values: {}
        };
        addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RESTORE, task, function (error, result) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_RESTORE, auditSource, { app: app, backupId: data.backupId, fromManifest: app.manifest, toManifest: app.manifest, taskId: result.taskId });

            callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
        });
    });
}

function purchaseApp(data, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof data, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    appstore.purchaseApp(data, function (error) {
        if (!error) return callback();

        // if purchase failed, rollback the appdb record
        appdb.del(data.appId, function (delError) {
            if (delError) debug('install: Failed to rollback app installation.', delError);

            if (error.reason === AppstoreError.NOT_FOUND) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, error.message));
            if (error && error.reason === AppstoreError.PLAN_LIMIT) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.PLAN_LIMIT, error.message));
            if (error && error.reason === AppstoreError.INVALID_TOKEN) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));
            if (error && error.reason === AppstoreError.LICENSE_ERROR) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));
            if (error && error.reason === AppstoreError.NOT_REGISTERED) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));
            if (error && error.reason === AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));

            callback(new BoxError(BoxError.DATABASE_ERROR, error));
        });
    });
}

function clone(appId, data, user, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof data, 'object');
    assert(user && typeof user === 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug('Will clone app with id:%s', appId);

    var location = data.location.toLowerCase(),
        domain = data.domain.toLowerCase(),
        portBindings = data.portBindings || null,
        backupId = data.backupId,
        mailboxName = data.mailboxName || '',
        overwriteDns = 'overwriteDns' in data ? data.overwriteDns : false;

    assert.strictEqual(typeof backupId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof location, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof domain, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof portBindings, 'object');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        backups.get(backupId, function (error, backupInfo) {
            if (error && error.reason === BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));
            if (error && error.reason === BoxError.NOT_FOUND) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, 'Backup not found'));
            if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.DATABASE_ERROR, error));

            if (!backupInfo.manifest) callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, 'Could not get restore config'));

            const manifest = backupInfo.manifest, appStoreId = app.appStoreId;

            // re-validate because this new box version may not accept old configs
            error = checkManifestConstraints(manifest);
            if (error) return callback(error);

            error = validatePortBindings(portBindings, manifest);
            if (error) return callback(error);

            if (mailboxName) {
                error = mail.validateName(mailboxName);
                if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, error.message, { field: 'mailboxName' }));
            } else {
                mailboxName = mailboxNameForLocation(location, manifest);
            }

            const locations = [{subdomain: location, domain}];
            validateLocations(locations, function (error, domainObjectMap) {
                if (error) return callback(error);

                var newAppId = uuid.v4();

                var data = {
                    installationState: exports.ISTATE_PENDING_CLONE,
                    runState: exports.RSTATE_RUNNING,
                    memoryLimit: app.memoryLimit,
                    accessRestriction: app.accessRestriction,
                    sso: !!app.sso,
                    mailboxName: mailboxName,
                    enableBackup: app.enableBackup,
                    robotsTxt: app.robotsTxt,
                    env: app.env,
                    alternateDomains: []
                };

                appdb.add(newAppId, appStoreId, manifest, location, domain, translatePortBindings(portBindings, manifest), data, function (error) {
                    if (error && error.reason === BoxError.ALREADY_EXISTS) return callback(getDuplicateErrorDetails(error.message, locations, domainObjectMap, portBindings));
                    if (error) return callback(error);

                    purchaseApp({ appId: newAppId, appstoreId: app.appStoreId, manifestId: manifest.id }, function (error) {
                        if (error) return callback(error);

                        const restoreConfig = { backupId: backupId, backupFormat: backupInfo.format, oldManifest: null };
                        const task = {
                            args: { restoreConfig, overwriteDns },
                            values: {},
                            requiredState: exports.ISTATE_PENDING_CLONE
                        };
                        addTask(newAppId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_CLONE, task, function (error, result) {
                            if (error) return callback(error);

                            const newApp = _.extend({}, data, { appStoreId, manifest, location, domain, portBindings });
                            newApp.fqdn = domains.fqdn(newApp.location, domainObjectMap[newApp.domain]);
                            newApp.alternateDomains.forEach(function (ad) { ad.fqdn = domains.fqdn(ad.subdomain, domainObjectMap[ad.domain]); });
                            eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_CLONE, auditSource, { appId: newAppId, oldAppId: appId, backupId: backupId, oldApp: app, newApp: newApp, taskId: result.taskId });

                            callback(null, { id: newAppId, taskId: result.taskId });
                        });
                    });
                });
            });
        });
    });
}

function uninstall(appId, auditSource, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug(`Will uninstall app with id : ${appId}`);

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_UNINSTALL);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        appstore.unpurchaseApp(appId, { appstoreId: app.appStoreId, manifestId: app.manifest.id }, function (error) {
            if (error && error.reason === AppstoreError.NOT_FOUND) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND));
            if (error && error.reason === AppstoreError.INVALID_TOKEN) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));
            if (error && error.reason === AppstoreError.LICENSE_ERROR) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));
            if (error && error.reason === AppstoreError.EXTERNAL_ERROR) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.EXTERNAL_ERROR, error.message));
            if (error) return callback(error);

            const task = {
                args: {},
                values: {},
                requiredState: null // can run in any state, as long as no task is active
            };
            addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_UNINSTALL, task, function (error, result) {
                if (error) return callback(error);

                eventlog.add(eventlog.ACTION_APP_UNINSTALL, auditSource, { appId: appId, app: app, taskId: result.taskId });

                callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
            });
        });
    });
}

function start(appId, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug('Will start app with id:%s', appId);

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_START);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        const task = {
            args: {},
            values: { runState: exports.RSTATE_RUNNING }
        };
        addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_START, task, function (error, result) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
        });
    });
}

function stop(appId, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug('Will stop app with id:%s', appId);

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_STOP);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        const task = {
            args: {},
            values: { runState: exports.RSTATE_STOPPED }
        };
        addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_STOP, task, function (error, result) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
        });
    });
}

function checkManifestConstraints(manifest) {
    assert(manifest && typeof manifest === 'object');

    if (manifest.manifestVersion > 2) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Manifest version must be <= 2');

    if (!manifest.dockerImage) return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Missing dockerImage'); // dockerImage is optional in manifest

    if (semver.valid(manifest.maxBoxVersion) && semver.gt(constants.VERSION, manifest.maxBoxVersion)) {
        return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'Box version exceeds Apps maxBoxVersion');
    }

    if (semver.valid(manifest.minBoxVersion) && semver.gt(manifest.minBoxVersion, constants.VERSION)) {
        return new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_FIELD, 'App version requires a new platform version');
    }

    return null;
}

function exec(appId, options, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert(options && typeof options === 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    var cmd = options.cmd || [ '/bin/bash' ];
    assert(util.isArray(cmd) && cmd.length > 0);

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        if (app.installationState !== exports.ISTATE_INSTALLED || app.runState !== exports.RSTATE_RUNNING) {
            return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_STATE, 'App not installed or running'));
        }

        var container = docker.connection.getContainer(app.containerId);

        var execOptions = {
            AttachStdin: true,
            AttachStdout: true,
            AttachStderr: true,
            // A pseudo tty is a terminal which processes can detect (for example, disable colored output)
            // Creating a pseudo terminal also assigns a terminal driver which detects control sequences
            // When passing binary data, tty must be disabled. In addition, the stdout/stderr becomes a single
            // unified stream because of the nature of a tty (see https://github.com/docker/docker/issues/19696)
            Tty: options.tty,
            Cmd: cmd
        };

        container.exec(execOptions, function (error, exec) {
            if (error && error.statusCode === 409) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.BAD_STATE, error.message)); // container restarting/not running
            if (error) return callback(error);

            var startOptions = {
                Detach: false,
                Tty: options.tty,
                // hijacking upgrades the docker connection from http to tcp. because of this upgrade,
                // we can work with half-close connections (not defined in http). this way, the client
                // can properly signal that stdin is EOF by closing it's side of the socket. In http,
                // the whole connection will be dropped when stdin get EOF.
                // https://github.com/apocas/dockerode/commit/b4ae8a03707fad5de893f302e4972c1e758592fe
                hijack: true,
                stream: true,
                stdin: true,
                stdout: true,
                stderr: true
            };
            exec.start(startOptions, function(error, stream /* in hijacked mode, this is a net.socket */) {
                if (error) return callback(error);

                if (options.rows && options.columns) {
                    // there is a race where resizing too early results in a 404 "no such exec"
                    // https://git.cloudron.io/cloudron/box/issues/549
                    setTimeout(function () {
                        exec.resize({ h: options.rows, w: options.columns }, function (error) { if (error) debug('Error resizing console', error); });
                    }, 2000);
                }

                return callback(null, stream);
            });
        });
    });
}

function canAutoupdateApp(app, newManifest) {
    if (!app.enableAutomaticUpdate) return new Error('Automatic update disabled');
    if ((semver.major(app.manifest.version) !== 0) && (semver.major(app.manifest.version) !== semver.major(newManifest.version))) return new Error('Major version change'); // major changes are blocking

    const newTcpPorts = newManifest.tcpPorts || { };
    const newUdpPorts = newManifest.udpPorts || { };
    const portBindings = app.portBindings; // this is never null

    for (let portName in portBindings) {
        if (!(portName in newTcpPorts) && !(portName in newUdpPorts)) return new Error(`${portName} was in use but new update removes it`);
    }

    // it's fine if one or more (unused) keys got removed
    return null;
}

function autoupdateApps(updateInfo, auditSource, callback) { // updateInfo is { appId -> { manifest } }
    assert.strictEqual(typeof updateInfo, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof auditSource, 'object');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    if (!updateInfo) return callback(null);

    async.eachSeries(Object.keys(updateInfo), function iterator(appId, iteratorDone) {
        get(appId, function (error, app) {
            if (error) {
                debug('Cannot autoupdate app %s : %s', appId, error.message);
                return iteratorDone();
            }

            error = canAutoupdateApp(app, updateInfo[appId].manifest);
            if (error) {
                debug('app %s requires manual update. %s', appId, error.message);
                return iteratorDone();
            }

            var data = {
                manifest: updateInfo[appId].manifest,
                force: false
            };

            update(appId, data, auditSource, function (error) {
                if (error) debug('Error initiating autoupdate of %s. %s', appId, error.message);

                iteratorDone(null);
            });
        });
    }, callback);
}

function backup(appId, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    get(appId, function (error, app) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        error = checkAppState(app, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_BACKUP);
        if (error) return callback(error);

        const task = {
            args: {},
            values: {}
        };
        addTask(appId, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_BACKUP, task, (error, result) => {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            callback(null, { taskId: result.taskId });
        });
    });
}

function listBackups(page, perPage, appId, callback) {
    assert(typeof page === 'number' && page > 0);
    assert(typeof perPage === 'number' && perPage > 0);

    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    appdb.exists(appId, function (error, exists) {
        if (error) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.DATABASE_ERROR, error));
        if (!exists) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND));

        backups.getByAppIdPaged(page, perPage, appId, function (error, results) {
            if (error) return callback(error);

            callback(null, results);
        });
    });
}

function restoreInstalledApps(callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    getAll(function (error, apps) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        apps = apps.filter(app => app.installationState !== exports.ISTATE_ERROR); // remove errored apps. let them be 'repaired' by hand
        apps = apps.filter(app => app.installationState !== exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RESTORE); // safeguard against tasks being created non-stop if we crash on startup

        async.eachSeries(apps, function (app, iteratorDone) {
            backups.getByAppIdPaged(1, 1, app.id, function (error, results) {
                let installationState, restoreConfig;
                if (!error && results.length) {
                    installationState = exports.ISTATE_PENDING_RESTORE;
                    restoreConfig = { backupId: results[0].id, backupFormat: results[0].format, oldManifest: app.manifest };
                } else {
                    installationState = exports.ISTATE_PENDING_INSTALL;
                    restoreConfig = null;
                }

                const task = {
                    args: { restoreConfig, overwriteDns: true },
                    values: {},
                    scheduleNow: false, // task will be scheduled by autoRestartTasks when platform is ready
                    requireNullTaskId: false // ignore existing stale taskId
                };

                debug(`restoreInstalledApps: marking ${app.fqdn} for restore using restore config ${JSON.stringify(restoreConfig)}`);

                addTask(app.id, installationState, task, function (error, result) {
                    if (error) debug(`restoreInstalledApps: error marking ${app.fqdn} for restore: ${JSON.stringify(error)}`);
                    else debug(`restoreInstalledApps: marked ${app.id} for restore with taskId ${result.taskId}`);

                    iteratorDone(); // ignore error
                });
            });
        }, callback);
    });
}

function configureInstalledApps(callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    getAll(function (error, apps) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        apps = apps.filter(app => app.installationState !== exports.ISTATE_ERROR); // remove errored apps. let them be 'repaired' by hand
        apps = apps.filter(app => app.installationState !== exports.ISTATE_PENDING_CONFIGURE); // safeguard against tasks being created non-stop if we crash on startup

        async.eachSeries(apps, function (app, iteratorDone) {
            debug(`configureInstalledApps: marking ${app.fqdn} for reconfigure`);

            const oldConfig = _.pick(app, 'location', 'domain', 'fqdn', 'alternateDomains', 'portBindings');
            const task = {
                args: { oldConfig, overwriteDns: true },
                values: {},
                scheduleNow: false, // task will be scheduled by autoRestartTasks when platform is ready
                requireNullTaskId: false // ignore existing stale taskId
            };

            addTask(app.id, exports.ISTATE_PENDING_CONFIGURE, task,  function (error, result) {
                if (error) debug(`configureInstalledApps: error marking ${app.fqdn} for configure: ${JSON.stringify(error)}`);
                else debug(`configureInstalledApps: marked ${app.id} for re-configure with taskId ${result.taskId}`);

                iteratorDone(); // ignore error
            });
        }, callback);
    });
}

// auto-restart app tasks after a crash
function schedulePendingTasks(callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug('schedulePendingTasks: scheduling app tasks');

    getAll(function (error, result) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        result.forEach(function (app) {
            if (!app.taskId) return; // if not in any pending state, do nothing

            debug(`schedulePendingTasks: schedule task for ${app.fqdn} ${app.id}: state=${app.installationState},taskId=${app.taskId}`);

            scheduleTask(app.id, app.installationState, app.taskId, NOOP_CALLBACK);
        });

        callback(null);
    });
}

function downloadFile(appId, filePath, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof filePath, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    debug(`downloadFile: ${filePath}`); // no need to escape filePath because we don't rely on bash
    exec(appId, { cmd: [ 'stat', '--printf=%F-%s', filePath ], tty: true }, function (error, stream) {
        if (error) return callback(error);

        var data = '';
        stream.setEncoding('utf8');
        stream.on('data', function (d) { data += d; });
        stream.on('end', function () {
            var parts = data.split('-');
            if (parts.length !== 2) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, 'file does not exist'));

            var type = parts[0], filename, cmd, size;

            if (type === 'regular file') {
                cmd = [ 'cat', filePath ];
                size = parseInt(parts[1], 10);
                filename = path.basename(filePath);
                if (isNaN(size)) return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, 'file does not exist'));
            } else if (type === 'directory') {
                cmd = ['tar', 'zcf', '-', '-C', filePath, '.'];
                filename = path.basename(filePath) + '.tar.gz';
                size = 0; // unknown
            } else {
                return callback(new BoxError(BoxError.NOT_FOUND, 'only files or dirs can be downloaded'));
            }

            exec(appId, { cmd: cmd , tty: false }, function (error, stream) {
                if (error) return callback(error);

                var stdoutStream = new TransformStream({
                    transform: function (chunk, ignoredEncoding, callback) {
                        this._buffer = this._buffer ? Buffer.concat([this._buffer, chunk]) : chunk;

                        for (;;) {
                            if (this._buffer.length < 8) break; // header is 8 bytes

                            var type = this._buffer.readUInt8(0);
                            var len = this._buffer.readUInt32BE(4);

                            if (this._buffer.length < (8 + len)) break; // not enough

                            var payload = this._buffer.slice(8, 8 + len);

                            this._buffer = this._buffer.slice(8+len); // consumed

                            if (type === 1) this.push(payload);
                        }

                        callback();
                    }
                });

                stream.pipe(stdoutStream);

                return callback(null, stdoutStream, { filename: filename, size: size });
            });
        });
    });
}

function uploadFile(appId, sourceFilePath, destFilePath, callback) {
    assert.strictEqual(typeof appId, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof sourceFilePath, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof destFilePath, 'string');
    assert.strictEqual(typeof callback, 'function');

    const done = once(function (error) {
        safe.fs.unlinkSync(sourceFilePath); // remove file in /tmp
        callback(error);
    });

    // the built-in bash printf understands "%q" but not /usr/bin/printf.
    // ' gets replaced with '\'' . the first closes the quote and last one starts a new one
    const escapedDestFilePath = safe.child_process.execSync(`printf %q '${destFilePath.replace(/'/g, '\'\\\'\'')}'`, { shell: '/bin/bash', encoding: 'utf8' });
    debug(`uploadFile: ${sourceFilePath} -> ${escapedDestFilePath}`);

    exec(appId, { cmd: [ 'bash', '-c', `cat - > ${escapedDestFilePath}` ], tty: false }, function (error, stream) {
        if (error) return done(error);

        var readFile = fs.createReadStream(sourceFilePath);
        readFile.on('error', done);

        stream.on('error', done);
        stream.on('finish', done);

        readFile.pipe(stream);
    });
}